How to Care for an Indigo Snake in Captivity

Indigo snakes (Drymarchon spp.) are large, non-venomous colubrid snakes known for their striking iridescent blue-black scales. They are native to the southeastern United States and parts of Central and South America. Due to their size, activity level, and specific care requirements, keeping an indigo snake in captivity requires commitment and expertise. This guide covers all aspects of caring for an indigo snake in captivity to ensure its health and longevity.

Understanding Indigo Snakes

Indigo snakes are powerful, intelligent reptiles that can grow up to 8 feet in length. They are known for their calm temperament and are often active during the day. Unlike many other snakes, indigo snakes do not constrict their prey but instead overpower it with brute strength. These snakes thrive in diverse habitats, including pine forests, grasslands, and wetlands.

Legal Considerations

Before obtaining an eastern indigo snake for sale, it is crucial to check local laws and regulations. The eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi) is a federally protected species in the United States due to habitat loss and population decline. Some states require permits for ownership, while others prohibit keeping them as pets altogether. Always acquire indigo snakes from reputable breeders rather than taking them from the wild.

Housing and Enclosure Requirements

Indigo snakes require large, secure enclosures to accommodate their active nature. Here are the key aspects to consider when setting up an enclosure:

Enclosure Size

• Juvenile snakes can be kept in 20–40-gallon tanks, but adults need a much larger space.
• A minimum enclosure size of 6 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 2 feet high is recommended for an adult indigo snake.
• Custom-built enclosures are ideal for meeting their space requirements.

Substrate

• Use cypress mulch, aspen shavings, or coconut husk to provide a natural and comfortable bedding.
• Avoid cedar or pine shavings, as they can release harmful oils.
• The substrate should be spot-cleaned regularly and fully replaced every 4–6 weeks.

Temperature and Humidity

• Indigo snakes require a temperature gradient within their enclosure:
  • Basking spot: 88–92°F
  • Cool side: 75–80°F
  • Nighttime temperatures: No lower than 70°F
• Use heat lamps or under-tank heaters with a thermostat to maintain proper temperatures.
• Humidity should be maintained at 50–60%, which can be achieved by misting the enclosure lightly and providing a large water bowl.

Lighting

• Indigo snakes do not require UVB lighting, but it can be beneficial for overall health.
• A 12-hour day/night cycle should be maintained using standard reptile lighting.

Hides and Enrichment

• Provide at least two secure hide boxes (one on the warm side and one on the cool side).
• Add branches, logs, and artificial plants to encourage exploration.
• A large water bowl should always be available for drinking and soaking.

Feeding and Diet

Indigo snakes have a robust appetite and consume a diverse diet in the wild. In captivity, their diet should include:

Preferred Food Items

• Rodents (mice and rats)
• Quail and chicks
• Small snakes and lizards (optional, not required)
• Frogs (occasionally, if available from safe sources)

Feeding Schedule

• Juveniles should be fed every 5–7 days.
• Adults should be fed every 7–10 days.
• Prey size should be no larger than the thickest part of the snake’s body.

Feeding Tips

• Offer pre-killed prey to prevent injury to the snake.
• Some indigo snakes may prefer live prey, but this should be monitored carefully.
• Ensure proper hydration by keeping fresh water available at all times.

Handling and Temperament

Indigo snakes are generally docile and tolerate handling well. However, proper handling techniques are essential to ensure their comfort and safety:

Handling Tips

• Support the snake’s body fully to avoid stress.
• Handle them gently and confidently to prevent defensive reactions.
• Avoid excessive handling, especially after feeding, to prevent regurgitation.
• Wash hands before and after handling to prevent disease transmission.

Signs of Stress

• Hissing or puffing up
• Rapid movement away from the handler
• Excessive hiding or refusal to eat
• Defensive strikes (rare but possible)

Health and Common Issues

Indigo snakes are hardy but can still develop health issues if not cared for properly. Regular monitoring and veterinary checkups are essential.

Common Health Concerns

1. Respiratory Infections – Symptoms include wheezing, open-mouth breathing, and nasal discharge. Caused by improper humidity or temperature.
2. Parasites – Internal (worms) and external (mites) parasites can affect snakes. Regularly inspect skin and feces.
3. Shedding Issues (Dysecdysis) – Retained shed may occur due to low humidity. Provide a humid hide or soak the snake if needed.
4. Mouth Rot (Infectious Stomatitis) – Swelling, pus, or redness around the mouth; requires veterinary treatment.

Preventative Care

• Maintain a clean enclosure.
• Provide a proper diet and hydration.
• Schedule annual veterinary checkups with a reptile specialist.

Breeding Indigo Snakes

Breeding indigo snakes is challenging and requires specific conditions:

Breeding Conditions

• A cooling period (brumation) may be necessary before breeding.
• Males and females should be introduced carefully to avoid aggression.
• Females lay 6–12 eggs, which should be incubated at 78–82°F for about 90 days.
• Hatchlings require small prey and a secure enclosure for early development.

Conclusion

Caring for an indigo snake in captivity requires dedication, proper housing, a well-balanced diet, and regular health monitoring. While they are not the best choice for beginner snake keepers due to their size and needs, they can be rewarding pets for experienced reptile enthusiasts. By providing a spacious enclosure, maintaining the right environmental conditions, and ensuring a proper diet, you can keep your indigo snake healthy and thriving for many years.